Key-value memory in the brain
This paper reviews key-value memory systems, which distinguish representations for storage (values) and retrieval (keys), allowing optimization for both fidelity and discriminability. It connects these computational foundations to modern machine learning, psychology, and neuroscience, proposing that the brain utilizes similar principles. The authors argue that memory performance is primarily limited by retrieval, not storage capacity, and provide simulations to illustrate these concepts. ✨
Article Points:
1
Key-value memory distinguishes representations for storage (values) and retrieval (keys).
2
Brain memory is primarily limited by retrieval, not storage capacity.
3
Hippocampus stores keys for discriminability; neocortex stores values for fidelity.
4
Information in keys guides retrieval but is not consciously recallable.
5
Forgetting is retrieval failure; memories can be reactivated without re-learning.
6
Key-value memory is a foundational concept in modern machine learning systems.
Key-value memory in the brain
Core Concepts

Keys vs Values: Distinct representations

Retrieval vs Storage: Retrieval is limiting factor

Computational Foundations

Correlation Matrix Memory: Hebbian learning

Representational Structure: Learned vs Fixed scaffolds

Ubiquity in ML: Linear layers, Transformers

Neurobiological Substrates

Learning Rules: Hebbian, Non-Hebbian

Architectures: Three-layer network, Tripartite synapse

Attractor Networks: MESH, Vector-HaSH

Evidence from Psychology & Neuroscience

Retrieval Interference: Not erasure

Distinct Representations: Hippocampus (keys), Neocortex (values)

Unrecallable Keys: Tip-of-the-tongue, Feeling of knowing

Illustrative Simulations

Key/Value Optimization: Separate roles

Forgetting & Reactivation: Retrieval failure

Conclusions

Speculative Connections: Brain-AI

Future Research: Experimental tests, detailed models

AI Convergence: Promising direction